Watson, along with UofL post-doctoral fellow Oscar Rodriguez, and visiting fellow Yana Safonova, are part of an international group of researchers who say the narrow studies limit their ability to identify variation in human adaptive immune responses across populations.

“We need to better understand how genetics influences immune system function by studying population cohorts that better represent the diversity observed across the globe if we are to fully understand disease susceptibility, as well as design more tailored treatments and preventative measures,” Watson said.

In an article published in Nature Methods, , the group advocates for resources used in immunogenomics research to actively include and specifically identify additional populations and minority groups. They say such diversity will make their research more relevant and help in understanding population and ancestry-specific gene-associated disease, leading to improvements in patient care.

“As scientists, we have a say in which populations are investigated. Therefore, it is critical for us to be actively inclusive of individuals representative of the world we live in. This is especially critical for genes that are as diverse and clinically relevant as those that encode antibodies and T cell receptors,” Rodriguez said.

Watson’s research focuses on immune function and molecular genetics. His team is studying a specific area of the genetic code that controls antibody function to better understand how differences in an individual’s genes determine their susceptibility to certain diseases or immune responses to vaccines.

In collaboration with Melissa Smith, assistant professor in the , the team is conducting the largest sequencing efforts of the antibody gene regions in humans and in animal models, Watson said.

“Specifically in humans, we are working to build catalogs of genetic variation in samples from multiple ethnic backgrounds and are engaged in projects that seek to understand how this genetic variation influences the immune response in infection, vaccination and other disease contexts,” he said.

Watson is involved in efforts to improve the resources and data standards for antibody and T cell receptor genes for immunogenomics researchers around the world.

The article in Nature Methods was co-authored by researchers from the United States, Canada, Norway, France, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Israel, South Africa, Nigeria, Chile, Peru, China, Japan, Taiwan and French Polynesia with expertise in biomedical and translational research, population and public health genetics, health disparities and computational biology as well as immunogenomics.

Fire, a professor of pathology and of genetics at Stanford University, is famous for his role in the discovery of ribonucleic acid (RNA) “interference.” That discovery earned a .

“The things that have driven this field are curiosity, fundamental investigation and thoughtful mentorship,” Fire said.

Much like DNA, RNA plays a critical role in genetics, specifically in how our genes are coded, decoded, regulated and expressed. Fire’s Nobel-winning work revealed that interference could cause some genes to be “silenced” and not expressed. ��

In his talk at UofL’s Clinical and Translational Research Building, Fire focused on his current research into RNA’s role in the cellular immunity that protects organisms from viruses and infection.

The UofL talk was part of the , funded by benefactor Austin and Mary Francis Bloch and the and hosted by the School of Medicine’s .

Dr. Ron Gregg, chair of the department, said bringing Nobel winners like Fire to UofL provides faculty, students and staff with an opportunity to learn about the process that gave rise to the award, and gain a historical perspective on significant scientific breakthroughs that could inspire their own.��

“Having the awardees also talk about their current research provides insight into cutting-edge research,” Gregg said. “Most importantly, our interactions with these individuals lets us discuss the important research being done at UofL with them.”

But, according to University of Louisville professor Mark Rothstein, those tests could also provide information for companies deciding, say, whether or not to issue you a mortgage or sell you life insurance.

“The information could include important risk factors,” said Rothstein, founding director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law at UofL. He recently wrote about its use in life insurance underwriting in .

While federal law says employers and health insurers can’t discriminate based on genetic information, Rothstein said that the law doesn’t extend to disability, long-term care, life, or other insurance products.

And of those, he said, “life insurance is the huge gorilla in the room.”

According to the , 10.5 million individual life insurance policies were purchased in 2017. For long-term care and disability insurance, Rothstein says the respective number of policies is much smaller, about 100,000 and 550,000 respectively.

As of 2017, millions of people — possibly 1 in every 25 Americans — have used at-home genetics tests, according to . And, as it stands, home tests aren’t in your medical record (unless you put them there), so insurers don’t have access to that information anyway.

Rothstein said insurers are increasingly concerned that individuals will have more genetic information than they do, so they want access to tests performed in health care settings and might even seek to perform their own testing.

But if they did and could use the results to determine coverage, Rothstein said, people scared of losing life insurance may stop seeking DNA testing that could identify increased genetic risks for some serious conditions, such as genetic-based cancers.

“We know that a lot of people are not getting genetic testing who would benefit from it,” he said. “And my concern is that we’re missing an opportunity to save lives because individuals are worried about the economic consequences of genetic tests, and we need to figure out a way to prevent that from happening.”

Listen to Rothstein’s full interview on .��

Valdes, a Distinguished University Scholar and professor in the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the University of Louisville, has researched and patented biological markers that can be used to personalize a patient’s treatment for a specific disease. By analyzing a patient’s DNA, pathologists can pinpoint whether that individual may be susceptible to adverse events, respond well to a specific medication, or experience drug sensitivities or interactions.

The program begins at 8 p.m. on March 23��at Against the Grain Brewery, 401 E. Main St. A 30-minute presentation will be followed by an informal Q&A session.

The Beer with a Scientist program began in 2014 and is the brainchild of UofL cancer researcher Levi Beverly, PhD. Once a month, the public is invited to enjoy exactly what the title promises: Beer and science.

Admission is free. Purchase of beer, other beverages or menu items is not required but is encouraged.��Organizers add that they also encourage Beer with a Scientist patrons to drink responsibly.

For more information and to suggest future Beer with a Scientist topics, follow